Manchu Words Referring to the Qing Emperor: <i>han</i> and <i>ejen</i>

In Qing documents produced in Manchu during the Qianlong reign, term ejen signifies sovereign, i.e., emperor, and it is used with overwhelming frequency when compared other words to refer emperor. This brief essay undertakes a basic inquiry into historical circumstances background that led establishment of schema equating ejen with end, I point out main reasons for this were submission dynasty by three khan families Khalkhas late seventeenth century creation the haṅ peerage them. The resultant problematic situation both sovereign his subjects having same title han avoidance use emperor reinforced tendency only ejen.談滿文中用以指代清帝的兩箇詞:<!--[if <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false" DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="371"> Priority="9" Name="heading 1"/> SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" 2"/> 3"/> 4"/> 5"/> 6"/> 7"/> 8"/> 9"/> Name="index Priority="39" Name="toc Name="Normal Indent"/> Name="footnote text"/> Name="annotation Name="header"/> Name="footer"/> heading"/> Priority="35" Name="caption"/> Name="table figures"/> Name="envelope address"/> return"/> reference"/> Name="line number"/> Name="page Name="endnote authorities"/> Name="macro"/> Name="toa Name="List"/> Name="List Bullet"/> Number"/> Bullet Number Priority="10" Name="Title"/> Name="Closing"/> Name="Signature"/> Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> Name="Body Text"/> Text Continue"/> Continue Name="Message Header"/> Priority="11" Name="Subtitle"/> Name="Salutation"/> Name="Date"/> First Indent Name="Note Heading"/> Name="Block Name="Hyperlink"/> Name="FollowedHyperlink"/> Priority="22" Name="Strong"/> Priority="20" Name="Emphasis"/> Name="Document Map"/> Name="Plain Name="E-mail Signature"/> Name="HTML Top Form"/> Bottom (Web)"/> Acronym"/> Address"/> Cite"/> Code"/> Definition"/> Keyboard"/> Preformatted"/> Sample"/> Typewriter"/> Variable"/> Table"/> subject"/> Name="No List"/> Name="Outline List Name="Table Simple Classic Colorful Columns Grid 3D effects Contemporary"/> Elegant"/> Professional"/> Subtle Web Name="Balloon Grid"/> Theme"/> Name="Placeholder Spacing"/> Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/> Priority="61" Priority="62" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading Priority="64" Priority="65" Priority="66" Priority="67" Priority="68" Priority="69" Priority="70" Name="Dark Priority="71" Name="Colorful Priority="72" Priority="73" Accent 1 2 Name="Revision"/> Priority="34" Paragraph"/> Priority="29" Name="Quote"/> Priority="30" Name="Intense Quote"/> 3 Priority="19" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> Priority="21" Priority="31" Reference"/> Priority="32" Priority="33" Name="Book Title"/> Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> Name="TOC Priority="41" Table Priority="42" Priority="43" Priority="44" Priority="45" Priority="40" Name="Grid Light"/> Priority="46" Priority="47" Priority="48" Priority="49" Priority="50" 5 Dark"/> Priority="51" 6 Colorful"/> Priority="52" 7 Light 4 Dark Locked="fals